Understanding Infertility
This information is for general education only and is not medical advice. It cannot replace a diagnosis or treatment plan from a qualified healthcare provider who knows your history. Always talk with your own doctor about your symptoms and options.
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse (or six months for women over 35). It affects approximately 1 in 8 couples and can have many causes, including endometriosis, fibroids, ovulatory disorders, and structural abnormalities.
Minimally invasive surgery plays an important role in diagnosing and treating many causes of female infertility. AAGL surgeons are trained in fertility-preserving surgical techniques that can improve your chances of conception.
Do I have infertility?
These conditions are often complex to diagnose and can look different in every patient. If several of these feel familiar, it's worth talking to a specialist.
Inability to conceive
Not achieving pregnancy after 12 months of trying (or 6 months if over 35).
Irregular or absent periods
May indicate ovulation problems that affect fertility.
Painful periods
Severe menstrual pain may suggest endometriosis or other conditions impacting fertility.
Recurrent miscarriage
Two or more consecutive pregnancy losses may indicate an underlying condition.
1,900+ AAGL member surgeons list infertility as a focus area
These surgeons have identified infertility as an area of focus in their own listing. AAGL does not verify this information. Inclusion is not an endorsement.
How is infertility treated?
Treatment depends on your symptoms, severity, and goals. Here are the most common approaches, with an emphasis on minimally invasive options.
Diagnostic laparoscopy
Minimally invasive surgery to identify and treat endometriosis, adhesions, or other causes of infertility.
Hysteroscopy
To evaluate and treat conditions inside the uterus such as polyps, fibroids, or uterine septum.
Myomectomy
Fertility-preserving removal of fibroids that may be affecting conception or implantation.
Ovulation induction
Medications to stimulate ovulation for women with ovulatory disorders.
When to seek care urgently
This page is for education, not diagnosis. Some symptoms need prompt medical attention. Seek urgent care or call your local emergency number if you experience:
- Severe or sudden pelvic or abdominal pain
- Heavy vaginal bleeding that soaks through a pad or tampon every hour for two or more hours
- Fever with pelvic pain
- Fainting, dizziness, or a racing heart
- Bleeding during pregnancy, or severe pain during pregnancy
- If you are or may be pregnant and have severe one-sided pelvic pain or bleeding, seek emergency care, as this can signal an ectopic pregnancy.
Frequently asked about infertility
When should I see a specialist for infertility?
If you have been trying to conceive for 12 months without success (6 months if over 35), or if you have known risk factors like endometriosis or irregular periods, consult a specialist.
Can surgery improve fertility?
Yes. Minimally invasive surgery to treat endometriosis, remove fibroids, or correct structural abnormalities can significantly improve fertility outcomes.
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Medical Disclaimer
The information on this page is provided by Gynawareness, an educational initiative of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (AAGL), for general informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended as, and should not be used as, a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
Every patient is unique. Treatment options, risks, benefits, and outcomes depend on individual medical history, current health status, and clinical findings that can only be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment.
Do not delay seeking medical care, disregard professional medical advice, or stop a prescribed treatment because of information you have read on this site. If you believe you have a medical emergency, call your physician or 911 immediately.
Gynawareness and the AAGL do not endorse any specific test, product, procedure, opinion, surgeon, or other information that may be mentioned on this site.